Native People in the USA Today

Table of Contents Introduction Dakota and Ojibwe in Minnesota Position of the U.S. and Euro-Americans on Justice Waziyatawin’s Perspective Justice for Dakota People Conclusion References Introduction The Dakota and the Ojibwa have had Minnesota as their home for several hundreds of years, and they even occupied the place before the arrival of the Europeans. The two indigenous groups have their unique history, culture, language and beliefs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native People in the USA Today specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two groups of people have withstood the test of time since various other indigenous groups have gone extinct or have been assimilated; the Dakota and the Ojibwa still posses their sovereignty because they signed treaties with the USA so that they can maintain their culture, identity and communities. Dakota and Ojibwe in Minnesota The Dakota in the earlier days before b eing joined by the Ojibwa referred to Minnesota and Wisconsin as their original home, they had seven main bands called the seven fires and which formed a political alliance. These bands were pushed and expelled by the advancing Ojibwe people. In order to safeguard the lucrative fur business, the USA entered into a treaty negotiation with the two tribes and this treaty led to the establishment of treaty boundary between the Dakota and the Ojibwe people and they were assured of their sovereignty and autonomous system of governance (Graubard Archabal, 2001). Formal education was introduced to the Dakota and the Ojibwe people by the French traders who also introduced a modern form of religion. Education was considered as an instrument to eradicate tribal cultures and traditions. Education was enhanced by the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934 which gave the Indian parents greater voice on the education of their children. The heart of the Dakota and Ojibwe economy was the exploitation of forests and lakes and rivers that they utilized for fishing. They have also benefited from the booming business of casinos and gaming. English is the primary language spoken by the two tribes. Their traditional languages are taught in schools and homes so as to save them from extinction and to perpetuate their culture to younger generations (Graubard Archabal, 2001). Position of the U.S. and Euro-Americans on Justice The United States and other Euro-Americans have a track record that is very poor particularly in the violations of human rights. They violated the United Nations Genocide convention by participating in the involuntary sterilization of the Indigenous people; the harms perpetrated by the 100 percent federally funded programs that had been administered on the indigenous people like the Indian Health Services that was used to perpetuate involuntary sterilization of the indigenous people (Wilson, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The United States of America and the Euro-Americans attempted to address the harms that were perpetuated on the indigenous people internationally and particularly the ongoing subjugation and oppression of the Dakota and Ojibwe people through the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous people that affirmed the protection of both individual and collective rights of the Indigenous population as a way of promoting justice and ending discrimination. The United States of America and the white citizens of Minnesota had perpetuated crimes against the indigenous communities like the elimination of the Dakota population and exploitation of their land and resources. The numerous harms that have been perpetuated against the Dakota people are still to date unaddressed and unacknowledged. The Minnesota people have still benefited from the dispossession of the Dakota people and they continue to deny them jus tice (Cavender, 2008). According to the Dakota and other indigenous people, justice is understood in a reparative manner and it can only be realized in the following main ways: first is through the establishment of Dakota Truth Commission that will unravel the truth of the genocide. Also justice can be achieved through the dismantling of Fort Snelling, this is the elimination of the locations, places and the objects that held negative connotation that elicit the history of subjugation of the Dakota. Dakota people wish for reparations and land restoration that encompass the relinquishment of public land to the Dakota. Justice according to the people will imply restoring them to the position they were prior to the period of the white settlers and help eliminate all scars that are associated with oppression and genocide. A call for justice for the people of Dakota is considered a form of change and also as the justification of the extremes of treatment that they had received (Tedrick, 2009). Waziyatawin’s Perspective The story of Minnesota’s sesquicentennial was used to illustrate the requirement to identify genocide and the oppression of the Dakota people as well as the installation of the policy of reparative justice that is aimed at returning the land that had belonged to the people of Dakota but now in the public hands as well as the desire to allow the people of Dakota to live freely. In her book, Waziyatawin is advocating for reparative justice for the people of Dakota particularly regarding issues of land and genocide committed against them. Waziyatawin is advocating for the culture of truth telling and the possibility of removing any symbol of colonization particularly the places where the people of Dakota were executed publicly. The benefits of Dakota liberation and the need for peaceful coexistence are emphasized (Kimball, 2011). Justice for Dakota People Concerning truth telling, it is necessary for the people of Minnesota to initiate the culture of truth telling so as to bring to fore the problems they are facing and the consciousness of the settler community in the city of Minnesota. This will be necessary so as to deny the white people of Minnesota a chance to ignore the history of genocide, the injustices and human rights abuses perpetrated against the Dakota people (Cavender, 2008). Some more actions that will enhance justice include:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native People in the USA Today specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking down of the fort Snelling: The bringing down of fort Snelling is to happen after the settlers acknowledges the truth about the injustices and to demonstrate some sense of contrition that is needed for a restorative justice to be administered. The foundation on settlement of private Dakota indigenous land is still considered benign. Payment of reparation: reparative justice, reparations and land restorations i s necessary so as to create a moral society. Though it can be hard to return private land, a federal, state or county land in Minnesota can be used to compensate the Dakota people. An extensive cleanup should be performed on the land so as to make it fit for human settlement. The creation of an oppressive free society: all oppressions against the indigenous people should stop if the people of Minnesota are to create a moral and just nation and to coexist together. This implies that there should be complete decolonization that will involve the overturning of institutions, ideologies and systems of the colonialists (Cavender, 2008). The U.S. and the Euro-American citizens passed various pieces of legislation that permitted the abrogation of all Dakota treaties and for the release of Dakota treaty annuities to the white settlers. The government also gave nod to the white citizens to implement the policy of ethnic cleansing. This was an indication that the Dakota deaths were deliberate and intentional. The government of the U.S. also orchestrated forced removal of indigenous people from their homelands hence leading to their deaths in large numbers due to denied access to their traditional homelands. This is a clear indication that USA and Euro-Americans do not honor treaties, they only violate them at will (Holmquist, 2003). The four components enumerated and explained by Waziyatawin, according to me are the best since it captures all the aspects of justice that are deemed fit to restore the morality and justice for the Dakota and the Ojibwe people. Waziyatawin has best illustrated how the critical issues of land debt should be addressed because it still remains controversial to date and it is at the heart of the two tribes. The euro-Americans have not benefited from the genocide but instead it is hounding them because it has remained as a scar among the people living in Minnesota. In order to maintain their traditional way of life, the Dakota and the Ojibwe are trying hard to maintain their languages since language is instrumental in maintaining cultures and passing away of traditions to coming generations.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The themes captured by Waziyatawin are important particularly to the indigenous people who have been wallowing in suffering and oppression for very long. It helps to create consciousness among other indigenous population and it will make them to fight for their rights. The history of the past guides the future of the society and from the works of Waziyatawin I have learned a lot about the history of the Dakota and Ojibwe and other indigenous communities in the North America with their distinct cultures. References Cavender, W. (2008). What does justice look like?: the struggle for liberation in Dakota homeland. New York, NY: Living Justice Press. Graubard, R., Archabal, N. (2001). Minnesota, real imagined: essays on the state and its culture. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. Holmquist, J. (2003). They Chose Minnesota: A Survey Of The States Ethnic Groups. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. Kimball, B. (2011). What Does Justice Look Like? Minnesota Reads. Retrieved from: https://minnesotareads.com/2009/03/what-does-justice-look-like/ Tedrick, S. (2009). What does Justice Look Like? The struggle for Liberation in Dakota Homeland. Granite Falls News. Retrieved from: https://www.granitefallsnews.com/ This essay on Native People in the USA Today was written and submitted by user Harmony J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Invention of the Cotton Gin and Its Historic Impact

The Invention of the Cotton Gin and Its Historic Impact The cotton gin, patented by American-born born inventor Eli Whitney in 1794, revolutionized the cotton industry by greatly speeding up the tedious process of removing seeds and husks from cotton fiber. Similar to today’s massive machines, Whitney’s cotton gin used hooks to draw unprocessed cotton through a small-mesh screen that separated the fiber from seeds and husks. As one of the many inventions created during the American Industrial Revolution, the cotton gin had an enormous impact on the cotton industry, and the American economy, especially in the South. Unfortunately, it also changed the face of the slave trade - for the worse. How Eli Whitney Learned About Cotton Born on December 8, 1765, in Westborough, Massachusetts, Eli Whitney was raised by a farming father, a talented mechanic, and inventor himself. After graduating from Yale College in 1792, Eli moved to Georgia, after accepting an invitation to live on the plantation of Catherine Greene, the widow of an American Revolutionary War general. On her plantation named Mulberry Grove, near Savannah, Whitney learned of the difficulties cotton growers faced trying to make a living. While easier to grow and store than food crops, cotton’s seeds were hard to separate from the soft fiber. Forced to do the job by hand, each worker could pick the seeds from no more than about one pound of cotton per day. Shortly after learning about the process and the problem, Whitney had built his first working cotton gin. Early versions of his gin, although small and hand-cranked, were easily reproduced and could remove the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton in a single day. Historical Significance of the Cotton Gin The cotton gin made the cotton industry of the south explode. Before  its invention, separating cotton fibers from its seeds was a labor-intensive and unprofitable venture. After Eli Whitney unveiled his  cotton gin, processing cotton became much easier, resulting in greater availability and cheaper cloth. However, the invention also had the by-product of increasing the number of slaves needed to pick the cotton and thereby strengthening the arguments for continuing slavery. Cotton as a cash crop became so important that it was known as King Cotton and affected politics up until the Civil War. A Booming Industry Eli Whitneys cotton gin revolutionized an essential step of cotton processing. The resulting increase in cotton production  dovetailed with other Industrial Revolution inventions, namely the steamboat, which greatly increased the shipping rate of cotton, as well as machinery that spun and wove cotton much more efficiently than it had been done in the past. These and other advancements, not to mention the increased profits generated by the higher production rates, sent the cotton industry on an astronomical trajectory. By the middle of the 1800s, the United States produced over 75 percent of the worlds cotton, and 60 percent of the nations total exports came from the South. Most of those exports were cotton. Much of the South’s suddenly-increased quantity of ready-to-weave cotton was exported to the North, much of it destined to feed the New England textile mills. The Cotton Gin and Slavery   When he died in 1825, Whitney had never realized that the invention for which he is best known today had actually contributed to the growth of slavery and, to a degree, the Civil War. While his cotton gin had reduced the number of workers needed to remove the seeds from the fiber, it actually increased the number of slaves the plantation owners needed to plant, cultivate, and harvest the cotton. Thanks largely to the cotton gin, growing cotton became so profitable that plantation owners constantly needed more land and slave labor to meet the increasing demand for the fiber. From 1790 to 1860, the number of U.S. states where slavery was practiced grew from six to 15. From 1790, until Congress banned the importation of slaves from Africa in 1808, the slave states imported over 80,000 Africans. By 1860, the year before the outbreak of the Civil War, approximately one in three residents of the Southern states was a slave. Whitneys Other Invention: Mass-Production Though patent law disputes kept Whitney from significantly profiting from his cotton gin, he was awarded a U.S. government in 1789 to produce 10,000 muskets in two years, a number of rifles never before built in such a short period of time. At the time, guns were built one-at-a-time by skilled craftsmen, thus resulting in weapons each made of unique parts and difficult, if not impossible to repair. Whitney, however, developed a manufacturing process using standardized identical and interchangeable parts that both sped production and simplified repair. While it took Whitney some 10 years, rather than two to fulfill his contract, his methods of using standardized parts that could be assembled and repaired by relatively unskilled workers resulted in his being credited with pioneering the development of America’s industrial system of mass-production. -Updated by Robert Longley

How To Spell Renown

How To Spell Renown How To Spell Renown How To Spell Renown By Maeve Maddox When I saw the phrase â€Å"world-renouned architect E. Fay Jones† in a local newspaper, I wondered if it could be more than a one-time typo, so I did a Web search to see if anyone else is spelling renown as renoun or renowned as renouned. I wasn’t too bothered to find the misspelling renoun on sites like TripAdvisor and Yelp, but I was surprised to find it on university sites and in published books. Here are four examples from such sources: INCORRECT: Dr. Angelillo had the distinct privilege to train under the auspices of Dr. Angelo Taranta, a  world renoun  Rheumatologist at Cabrini Medical Center in N.Y.C.,  The Hardcore Facts: What Every Athlete Needs to Know Today about Sports, iUniverse, 2009. CORRECT : Dr. Angelillo had the distinct privilege to train under the auspices of Dr. Angelo Taranta, a  world-renowned  rheumatologist at Cabrini Medical Center in N.Y.C. INCORRECT: World-Renouned Flutists Sir James and Lady Jeanne Galway Perform in the Kimmel Center’s World Pop Mix Series- Lights up, Kimmel Center of the Performing Arts. CORRECT : World-Renowned Flutists Sir James and Lady Jeanne Galway Perform in the Kimmel Center’s World Pop Mix Series INCORRECT: Cap Jazz Series: An annual series featuring world renouned jazz artists that represent both traditional and contemporary styles.- Capilano University (Canada). CORRECT : Cap Jazz Series: An annual series featuring world-renowned jazz artists that represent both traditional and contemporary styles. INCORRECT: Prior to USC, Chef held positions as Executive Chef for SBE, the Royale Group, Innovative Dining Group the world renouned Citrine in Hollywood, CA.- USC Hospitality (University of Southern California) CORRECT : Prior to USC, Chef held positions as Executive Chef for SBE, the Royale Group, Innovative Dining Group the world-renowned Citrine in Hollywood, CA. The adjective world-renowned means â€Å"familiar to people all over the world.† It is hyphenated. As a noun, renown is â€Å"the fact or condition of being widely known or talked about.† Renown entered English in the 14th century from French. It entered the language spelled renoun, but by Shakespeare’s time it was spelled with a w. The spelling renown was well established by the end of the 17th century. The OED’s most recent example of renown used as a verb is dated 1920, but I found one from 2014 on a poker site: â€Å"It was by the age 21, he renowned himself for his victory by entering as an amateur player, who made a record in winning the main event at the younger age.† The use of renown as a transitive verb is defensible, but it sounds odd to me. The OED mentions the use of renown as an adjective, labeling the usage â€Å"chiefly North American,† and provides citations from The Nebraska Bee-keeper (1893), Ebony (1965), The Nairobi Daily Nation (1989), and The Chicago Tribune (2008). Here’s the example from the Tribune: The $50 million Crystal Bridges Museum was designed by renown Israeli-American architect Moshe Safdie. I’m an American speaker and this use of renown in place of renowned strikes me as jarringly incorrect- Chicago Tribune notwithstanding. Bottom line: The preferred spellings are renown, renowned, and world-renowned. And for all practical purposes, renown is not an adjective. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksAppropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

What is art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is art - Essay Example This is what can be defined as aesthetics. These two dominant roles are meant to complement and balance each other in any artwork. Any artwork is said to have a hidden function that often helps educate people about nature and help them fulfill the emotions and spiritual needs of human beings. Therefore form complements functionality by following emotions and adding aesthetic appeal. However some school of thoughts has claimed that art is predominantly defined by aesthetics. Art is not about understanding a piece of work, therefore if one cannot read the contents in a piece does not mean that they cannot appreciate it. Symbolism or iconography both entails identification and interpretation of the subject matter in any artwork. Appreciating a piece of art requires an open mind thereby leaving it open to interpretation and thus lies the beauty in it.in a piece that is not easily understandable or readable, beauty is derived from the creation of visual experience or basically its aesthetic form. Plato described art as an imitation of nature. This means an artist is influenced and driven by elements of nature. Art according to the definition can be influenced by many factors such as experience, imagination and even imitation. Creativity consist of the ability to combine ideas in a unique way and make a useful association; it comes from human imagination as well as outside forces like nature and experiences and creates originality.Creativity and imitation are mutually exclusive in that creativity can also inspired by other peoples work. Imitation in art is as a result of a connection between the original artist and the imitator; the imitator may try to show a certain side and expression that was not in a piece of work originally. Imitation therefore is influenced by originality thus a form of art in itself. Imitation has been used by many influential artists to restore damaged artefacts like Apollo statuette (Richter 204), imitation is a key to survival of art and it

Tax Year End Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tax Year End Procedure - Essay Example Inland Revenue and HM Revenue and Customs legislation. The company payroll is one of the largest expenses a company may have and as such it is important that accurate and complete records should be kept on a daily basis to ensure that the year-end procedures can be carried out with the minimum of stress or inconvenience to payroll staff. This report addresses five different areas where payroll procedures need to be explained so that during the end of year cut-off and rollover procedures there is a minimum of adjustment that might need to be made to existing daily records. The five areas contained in this report include the reconciliation process, the clear-down process, submission requirements and deadlines, a general checklist and a review of procedures. The most helpful source of information on day-to-day payroll procedures is an Employer's Help Book (E13, 2005) that is published by the Inland Revenue Department. This booklet explains how to work out and record PAYE and NIC's (form P11); The procedures necessary when a new person is employed; what procedures should take place when an employee leaves the company; the correct procedure for changing an employee's tax code within a tax year as well as information on other different changes that might occur within a tax year such as changes in employees circumstances (reaching the age of 16, pension schemes, what to do if an employee dies and changes to insurance schemes) as well as comprehensive information on how to apply the Working Tax Credit to wages and how a company can take out Student Loan Deductions from an employee's weekly wage entitlement. One of the most important payroll procedures is the allocation of a new employees tax code, as this code will determine how much tax this person should be paying in accordance with his or her personal circumstances. There are a variety of codes that can be used which are generally noted with a letter (L, P, T, or Y) and one or more numbers. The Inland Revenue Department has more detailed information on how these codes should be allocated and they advise that a tax code for an employee should never be changed within a financial year without approval from the department. There are a number of different wage figures that have to be accumulated throughout any financial year. These include individual PAYE and gross earning figures for each employee, plus the amount of money that has been added to or deducted from individual pay entitlements for insurance and pension schemes, clothing allowances, travel allowances, working tax credit and other benefits and allowances. It is the company's responsibility to ensure that the calculations of weekly pay amounts and the recording of accumulative pay figures throughout the year are accurate especially in terms of PAYE as it is this amount that the company will need to pay to the Inland Revenue department at the end of the financial year. Most payrolls are now completed using a payroll software program. These programs have inbuilt processes in them that ensure that the necessary total figures are accumulated on a monthly and yearly basis. Supervisory checks at this stage of payroll processing should include checking weekly wage totals on a weekly basis before payments are made to employees, reconciling the weekly pay figure totals with those

Product Review for Nike Fuel Band Essay Example for Free

Product Review for Nike Fuel Band Essay Im a number junkie, I love knowing exactly how many calories Im taking in, my macronutrient ratios and Id always wanted to know how many calories I burn on a daily basis. To feed my number addiction I typically weigh my food and prepare an entire days food in one sitting. With that said, being able to track my energy expenditure was very appealing to me. I came across an energy tracking product called Nike Fuel Band. Being able to get a rough idea of how many calories I burn throughout the day was exactly what a fitness nerd like me wanted to know. After using this product for three weeks, I am blown away by the total package of services this product offers. The Nike Fuel band is a wrist band that looks similar to a Live Strong bracelet that keeps track of all your daily activity. It has a built in screen that is comprised of a number of LEDs that can tell you how much Nike Fuel youve earned, how many calories youve burned, how many steps youve taken and the current time. The device also syncs with your phone, computer and Nike Plus account to keep track of your day to day activity. The packaging was very appealing; everything was nicely arranged so things didnt get deshuffled during shipping. I had almost no problems getting my Fuel band synced up to my computer or my iPhone. My band fit perfectly without having to add the supplied extra link and was able to start burning fuel right away. Once I got it going there is a single button on the device that if clicked will scroll through four different options; fuel, calories, steps and time. The time is also really convenient if you would rather where the band than a watch. The product itself is slightly larger than your standard silicone wrist band that people still seem to be wearing. Nike fuel is Nikes proprietary measurement of energy expenditure which is supposed to be a universal measurement. For me personally Ive noticed that three Nike Fuel points equates to about one calorie. After using my Nike Fuel Band for about three weeks I found I pay attention to both the fuel as well as the calories. It is definitely useful for comparing activity with friends, as if you have different height and weight your caloric expenditure will be way off. There are two things about the Fuel Band that I wish were a little different. While the device is able to be worn in the shower, it is not recommended to take the product swimming. I go swimming a lot so it was a bit of an inconvenience for me not to have this on to rate my performance. I would have also liked to see the Fuel Band have the ability to monitor heart rate. The Band fits very snug to my wrist, so I would think that tracking my pulse wouldnt have added too many extra dollars in electronics. By tracking heart rate Nike would have had another variable to more accurately track activity levels. This would have improved their ability to measure fuel in activities that are more static like Yoga or Weight Lifting. After using my Nike Fuel band for three weeks, I absolutely love it. While it may not be flawless in terms of calculating caloric expenditure, it does a better job than anything else out there when you compare the convenience factor of having a small bracelet attached to your wrist. This product has definitely changed my life, if Im a few hundred fuel points away from my daily goals, I go walk around the block to make sure I hit the goals Ive set forth for myself. In contrast, if Ive had a busy day and burned enough fuel through chores, I dont have to waste my time going to the gym. The Fuelband takes the guessing game out of the equation and I love it.

James Baldwin’s Visions Of America and Richard Rodriguez’s Hunger of Me

James Baldwin’s Visions Of America and Richard Rodriguez’s Hunger of Memory  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Many immigrant and minority narratives concentrate their efforts on the positive side of the American dream. These particular stories narrate a person's struggle and rise through the ranks of the Am6rican hierarchy focusing on the opportunities that seem to abound in this country. While these stories are well and good. they do seem to soft peddle the flip side of this country's attitude toward the immigrant and minority. America is a land of milk and honey and opportunity, but unfortunately most new officiates or unwilling participants in the American culture face an American nightmare that leaves its effects on the individuals, families and cultures for generations to come. America has its own deeply seated prejudices and stereotypes of people from outside its walI5 and these prejudices force some immigrants and minorities either to abandon former cultural ties in order to assimilate or to strap on the baldric of equality that changes their lives forever. Two authors, in particular, will help explore this idea that an immigrant or minority experiencing the trauma of bigotry must in some way attempt to reconcile their own cultural heritage with the demands of a new society that objects to their very cultural difference. James Baldwin and Richard Rodriguez experienced this type of immigrant and minority angst regarding their own ties to their cultural and racial backgrounds. Baldwin struggled with the desire to be a writer, not just a black writer, amidst the chaos and protests of the 1960's political movement and Richard Rodriguez battled between the pull of assimilation and the success it promised and his own feelings of familial betrayal... ...d, for their very words echo the sounds of their communities' cries for equal and peaceful co-existence. However, as both Baldwin and Rodriguez recognize and proclaim there will always be a need for their type of experiences because it is only through the loss of their cultural identity that they realized the precious gift it is. Works Cited Baldwin, James. "No Name In The Street". Visions Of America. Ed. Wesley Brown and Amy Ling. Persea 116oks: New York, 1993. 284-290. Harris, Trudier. New Essays On Go Tell It On The Mountain. Ed. Trudier Harris. Cambridge UP: New York, 1996. 1-28. Leeming, David. James Baldwin: A Biography . Alfred A. Knopf. New York, 1994. Porter, Horace. Stealing The Fire. Weslayan UP: Middletown, 1989. Rodriguez, Richard. Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez: An Autobiographv. Bantam: New York, 1983.   

Global Wine War Case 2009 Essay

How were the French able to dominate the worldwide wine trade for centuries ? What sources of competitive advantage did they develop to support their exports ? France and the Mediterranean region is closely tied to the Wine History. It has started since the Roman Empire, and has been fully integrated to the European culture with the Christian era : Monasteries planted vines and built wineries. The nobility started also planting vineyards as a mark of prestige. In this early market, France has been dominant thanks to key advantages : 1. Factors Conditions : First, their geographic and climatic features played significant role. As France is in the middle of Europe culture with suitable climate and soil condition for harvesting grape, had accrued first-mover advantage and established its place as the dominant competitor in the global wine industry. 2. Demand Conditions : The Distribution and Marketing made the fame of French wine. The nà ©gociants traded wine between France and other countries and this worked as word-of-mouth effect, increasing the reputation and dominance of French wine. 3. Innovation. In the late 18th century, French producers had experienced a massive innovation in the market. Mass production of glass bottles, the use of cork stoppers and the development of pasteurization revolutionized the industry. Those innovation got the distribution and Marketing easier. These innovations increased the stability and longevity of wine which allowed the transportation of wine to distant places, and birth of global wine market. 4. Government : Protection from the government. As the industry developed, the French government controlled the wine production and quality, regulations like AOC and VDQS, set detailed and quite rigid standards for vineyards and wine makers. Doing so, the local producers were protected with labels. This classification contributed to make the fame of many wine producers (Bordeaux,†¦) Given the longstanding dominance of Old World wine producers, how were the New World producers, such as the Australians, able to expand their market share so rapidly in the 1990’s ? The wine production has turned global. Nowadays, the wine production is no longer the preserved domain of France and other Old World countries. Some countries such as Australia have seen many strong producers challenging the French dominance. The expansion of their market share has been made possible thanks to key advantages : 1 – Factors Conditions : Geographical and climate factors : suitable lands was widely available and less expensive than in France. This fact, matched with a cheaper labor force, contributed to get the price per bottle lower. Innovation have permitted to get the production cost lower. Controlled drip irrigation allowed expansion into marginal land and reduced vintage variability. The harvesting has been mechanized 2 – Demand conditions : The intern demand has kept growing since the post war period. In Australia, the annual consumption per capita grew from 2 liters in 1960 to 24 liters in 2006. This demand enable producers to built their marketing expertise in their home market during the 1970’s, then they export it. 3 – Firm strategy, structure and rivalries Reinventing the Marketing Model : innovative in packaging and marketing. The Australian developed : the â€Å"wine in a box† package which is more suitable for the current market. screw caps Australia took advantages of a differentiation strategy. They made their bottle more appealing for unaccustomed wine consumers. In addition, new-world producers learned the value of product differentiation and consumer focused attitudes to create mass appeal. The New World companies controlled the full value chain, extracting margins at every level. new-world producers moved away from multilevel value chains that caused operating inefficiencies. Instead, the new-world producers typically controlled the full-value chain, extracting margins at each level and retaining bargaining power. On a contrary, The main vulnerable aspects of French wine industry were highly fragmented vineyard and wine production, increasing vineyard prices per acre, complex distribution and sales system, long multilevel value chain, risk of bad weather and disease; and poor roads and complex toll and tax system. Those aspects contributed to the decline of French wine on the market. What advice would you offer today to the head of the French wine industry association ? The extent of differentiation was a governmental classification system of quality based on rules and controls. => The wine market was complex and highly fragmented. The classifications helped customers understand purchase Focus was on large volume production, not quality => Wine became culturally and economically significant. In 1750’s, France was the 2nd largest exporter after Italy. As the Global Wine Wars article mentions, marketing style, freedom and willingness to innovate, wine style, and business models of the New World are good starting points for the Old World to copy. In order to compete effectively with the â€Å"New World† markets, the â€Å"old world† wine producers need to cooperate on various levels. Deregulation of many of the existing laws that appear to be competitive barriers would be a starting point. Getting the European Union to review the AOC, DOC, and WDQS classifications to create a vastly simpler system would make it easier for them to p enetrate the mass market. Allying with some of the â€Å"new world† markets such as Argentina and Chile would help offset some of the advantages the U.S. and Australia have with regards to land, mechanization of labor, and low cost labor. Taking these markets under their umbrella would lend credence and value to Chilean and Argentinean wines and also open doors to penetrate the growing South American wine market which is not nearly as saturated as other markets. Trading industry know how for access to cheap land and labor is becoming more and more of a necessity with the growth of globalization. Taking advantage of established new world innovations would also be seen as an easy way to increase productivity of small lots. The relatively small lot size which divides the old world into many distinct regions is a crippling handicap. If the smaller wine lots were able to coalesce into cooperatives, they would be able to market more efficiently due to increased resources. Also, despite the originality of the Old World wines, perhaps a break with traditional methods could increase the marketability with the fresh generation Y market. Focusing these revamped marketing efforts in the Asian market with a keen eye towards ensuring the â€Å"distance† problems are resolved as they arise would also give an edge to the old world. By attempting to pull out of the â€Å"red ocean strategy† and moving more towards the â€Å"blue ocean strategy† the old world could feasibly remove many of the aspects of competition that are harming it currently. Besides the Far Eastern market, there are possibilities in Canada (who shares many old world ties), the Middle East, Africa, and perhaps Latin America. Reanalyzing the â€Å"government solution† for flaws that hurt the old world wine countries would also be a viable means of making the old world more competitive. If all else fails, old world growers could band together to fund and support the CAV on an international level and see if positive results could be had from the CAV’s worldwide efforts.

India; vernacular architectures

IntroductionIndia is huge in civilization and traditions, nature, faiths, linguistic communications rich with historical memorials with common architectures. Taj Mahal is one such wonderous memorial constructions built by ShahJahan as grave in memory of his idolized married woman, Mumtaj Mahal. Taj Mahal is renowned for its glorious Indo-Islamic architectural presence in manner, form, colour, location of the memorial and stuff used to build it. It is one of the 8th admiration of universe ‘s celebrated memorials and appreciated by its visitants ‘ involvements for their penetration into its civilization, clip and history of the memorial. Therefore, Taj Mahal architecture can be renowned as the largest theoretical account combination of the derived function of Byzantine, Persian, Indian and Islamic architecture. The Indo-Islamic architecture takes live in signifier with the slave dynasty in India. It is credited to Mughal dynasty in Pakistan and India, the field of humanistic disciplines and architecture who gave particular attention to raise historical memorials in India. The earliest memorials what we find in India are the recycled stuff of the bing Jain, Buddha and Hindu memorials. The Islamic architecture was so fostered by the Delhi Sultanate and achieved excellence by the Mughal parts.The Background of Islamic Architecture in IndiaThe Iranian dynasties dating back to 500 BCE has seen many Islamic religion dynasties. Throughout the opinion dynasties, Persia ( modern Iran ) has modeled as centre for many art, architecture, poesy and doctrine. Persia is good known for its trade since pre-historic times. The Silk Route acts as span between distant lands for trade, spiritual and material civilization. The concern besides spread to chief lands of cardinal Asia, including Armenia, Georgia, an d India. Persia has besides seen developmental foreparts in architecture which spread many Asiatic states as did concern excessively. The clime, the influence of people, â€Å" available stuff, spiritual intent and peripheral civilizations, and frequenters besides played a of import function in the development of architecture † ( Mehraby ) .The brilliant architectural edifices take inspiration from the landscape, snow-capped mountains, vales, and broad polishing fields which conceived and accomplished fresh thoughts for edifice artefacts while mountains serve both physical and mental beginnings of inspirations in Persian architecture.Thus, Beauty is regarded Godhead for ancient Iranian civilisations.The Architectural Intentions of the Taj MahalTaj Mahal traces its architecture as rooted with Islamic speculations. Though the Persian or the Islamic civilisation was non the first to concentrate their architecture on spiritual subjects, it was a strong characteristic among Byzantine design ers. The Byzantine Architecture records the spiritual edifices and their designs as accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire. The most singular illustration at Constantinople is Hagia Sophia, a Christian church at Constantinople ( the present Istanbul ) is a monolithic and cosmetic church represents the glorification of the Byzantine Empire. The architectural purposes besides note the power factor in Islamic architecture. The Islamic dynasties believe in distributing Islam and laud to God by jointing through mosques, unmatching historical memorials and castles of first-class beauty. To accomplish this, they desire and get power to patronage architecture. The Islamic architecture spread every bit far as Egypt and North Africa, Spain, and Persia. Then, they developed their alone manner by uniting the humanistic disciplines of the Byzantines, the Copts, the Romans, and the Sassanids. This alone manner specializes in blending the native design elements with imported 1s. Taj Mahal suffices this stance. The memories of Mumtaj Mahal are spread all over the universe typifying his love for her. The singularity of this memorial is its dome construction which is characteristic of Byzantine architecture. The abstract designs are notable of Iranian architecture, the flowered designs and picture goes to Safavid manner, the location of the edifice is besides an of import factor which wholly reiterates the presence of head Iranian architecture. Communicating spiritualty is yet another position attributed to Islamic Architecture. This position has been practiced among sages, philosophers, poets, and religious Masterss of Islamic states. The adherent of proliferating Islamic jurisprudence through the chase of cognition, contemplations on world of nature beyond visual aspect, disciplined supplication is besides reflected on their architecture. The rock flowers of the Taj Mahal gives a image of pragmatism intriguing â€Å" the visitant with their grace and colourful freshness † , ( Okado and Joshi ) . The Taj Mahal ‘s reference to â€Å" paradise can be seen in the motive of flowers carved on the funerary Chamberss of the mausoleum, every bit good as on the pedestals of the interior iwan † , where flowers and roses symbolize the Kingdom of Allah, ( Bin and Rasdi ) . The Byzantines ‘ architecture besides followed similar organizing rules. Whereas the Christian spiritual worship topographic point and its design corresponds to the faith. Therefore, symbolism besides played a important function in the development of the signifier of the memorials. During the Byzantine period the Church itself became a symbol of the religion. The maestro piece of Indo-Islamic Architectural manner, the beauty of the Taj Mahal, inspires legion creative persons from all over the universe. To this, Okada and Joshi ( 1993 ) relates to the four canals to the four rivers of Paradise referred in the Holy Qur'an. The symbolic nature of the garden and the canals at Taj Mahal is considered the sepulchral nature of the memorial and the Quran lettering located on the southern entryway wall of the chief Gate gives undeniable credibleness to the comparing of the Taj Mahal with the Garden of Paradise, this lettering says: ( It will be said to the pious ) : Oxygen ( you ) the one in ( complete ) remainder and satisfaction! Come back to your Lord, — well-pleased ( yourself ) and well-pleasing unto him! Enter you, so, among My esteemed slaves, And enter you My Eden! The Holy Qur'an,Surah Al-Fajr: 89:27-30 Therefore, it is noteworthy to see the pupils of Islamic architecture digesting Taj Mahal as an uncomparable memorial in Iranian beginning.The Architecture, Structure of Taj MahalThe Byzantine and Islamic architecture portion a common manner of architecture, the dome. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is in response to the Islamic architecture which shows the influence of Byzantine architecture imparted as the dome manner passed on to the Islamic architecture. It is besides known as ‘Persian dome ‘ . Today, it is called the Onion Dome. This architecture promotion of the usage of dome is accredited formed a new manner in planetary architecture. The most famed illustration is the Taj Mahal ( A.D. 1630 ) built by Mughal Dynasty in India. But, this is non new to Indian architecture. The good known Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi, India 4th to 1st century BCE is â€Å" a commemorating memorial associated with preserving sacred relics. Not merely these, the Mauryan land ( c. 321-185 BCE ) in India besides fortify their metropoliss with Stupas, Viharas, and temples were constructed, † ( Kumar ) . The Taj Mahal consists of 16 Chamberss, eight Chamberss each on two degrees that contain the octangular funerary chamber overcome by a surbased inner dome. The funerary chamber consists of the grave of Mumtaj Mahal and Shah Jahan together, adorned by â€Å" a baluster of finely perforated marble and studded with semiprecious rocks, † ( Okado and Joshi ) . Iranis focused their attempts on reexamining their architecture in barrel vaulting, crenallated roofs, conelike squinches, large bricks, egg-shaped arches and different designed brick work or now and once more platerworks over bricks. Though the architecture is traced to 3000 old ages, the design elements of Iranian architecture like â€Å" high-arched portal set within a deferral, columns with bracket capitals, columned porch or talar, a dome on four arches, a huge egg-shaped arch in the entryway, a four iwan courtyard, early towers making up toward the sky, an interior tribunal and pool, an angled entryway and extended ornaments † display their typical structural designs, ( Mehraby ) .The StructureThe intended grave is made of big white marble construction standing on a square plinth beam consisting of a symmetrical edifice with an iwan ( arch-shaped room access ) presented with a big dome and finial at the top. Fran & A ; ccedil ; ois Bernier noted how â€Å" the Centre of every arch is adorned with white marble slabs whereon are inscribed big Arabian characters in black marble. † This construction titling reflects Iranian architecture. The base is multi-chambered regular hexahedron with chamfered corners making an unequal octagon of about 55 metres on all the four long sides. On each of these sides, a monolithic pishtaq, or a domed archway, frames the iwan with two likewise shaped, arched balconies stacked on either side organizing a symmetrical form on all sides of the edifice. There are four minarets frame the grave and the chief chamber houses the false Gravess of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. The existent Gravess are located at a lower degree. The top of the dome is fancily decorated with a Nelumbo nucifera design. â€Å" The columned bases open through the roof of the grave and supply visible radiation to the inside. Tall cosmetic steeples ( guldastas ) extend from borders of base walls, and supply ocular accent to the tallness of the dome. The dome and chattris are topped by a aureate finial, which mixes traditional Persian and Hindu cosmetic elements, † ( Wiki ) . Even the term of office of Byzantine architecture, the find of pendentives and dome on pendentives changed the expertness for building churches and eased the process during the Byzantine period. The bronzy brand of Moon and its horns indicating upwards, the heavenward in trident form clearly indicates the commixture of Persian and Hindu ornaments. The symbolic significance can be derived as Hindu symbol of Shiva. â€Å" The minarets are 40 metres tall ; each minaret spliting into three equal parts by two working balconies surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of a Nelumbo nucifera design topped by a aureate finial, † ( Wiki ) . The subsequent Islamic architecture in India signifies in the signifier of Mosques and graves ‘ frontage beautification is the chief signifier. The development of the dome manner as called the basic regular hexahedron and hemisphere nomenclature in past architecture was subsequently brought into excellence at some phase in the Mughal Period. The experts say that Taj Mahal replicates Humayun ‘s grave before the design for Taj Mahal was formed. The best illustrations for the Indo-Islamic Architecture are the Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, Agra Fort, Buland Darwaza, Qutab Minar and Safdarjang Tomb. Hambly ( 1964 ) writes the architecture of Taj Mahal to be of Safavid manner in his ‘Cities of Mughal India ‘ which accounts the astonishing factors of Mughal dynasty. Safavid is yet another dynasty which ruled Persia during 1499-1722 B.C.E. Safavid has great trade of finest plants of metal art works like weaponries, armour, candle base, helmets, imbibing vass, and wine bowls. Ruggiero notes the events during â€Å" the Safavids, webs of caravanserais were constructed † to ease transit and promote trade since Persia was concern centre for many states so, ( Hambly ) . The penmanship on the big pishtaq is definite work of Safavid. Anon says, the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan conferred â€Å" Amanat Khan † rubric for his work for his eye-popping virtuosity. This lettering from the Qu'ran can be found underneath the interior dome are the lettering, â€Å" Written by the insignificant being, Amanat Khan Shirazi. † . Not merely this, the penmanship found on the marble grave is attended in item and delicate.Historical, Societal and Cultural Importance of Islamic ArchitectureHaider ( 2002 ) surveies the Islamic architecture along the quadruple phenomenon activity of social deductions viz. , the brooding jussive mood, the functional jussive mood, the constructive jussive mood and aesthetic jussive mood ; these rules besides project our images, outlooks, definitions, and review of Islamic architecture. Functional importance of any edifice under this architecture marks as symbolic or a marker or an icon or a monument fundamental to continue the yearning recollections and hence, indicate significance of a society. If we can traverse these social manifestations against the architectural purposes, a more focussed and fecund treatment can be formed. Our survey on Taj Mahal is one such productive consequence of these traversing. If we can see Islam as faith and as historical discernible fact of power and backing and inclined to seek the aesthetic jussive mood and symbolic look in architecture, the focal point is more likely on Taj Mahal.DecisionThe Mughal tribunals established in Pakistan and India were occupied by poets and penmanship creative persons from Persia who took flight from their really small place state to fortune gaining in India. The buildings what we see of Mughal dynasty is the work of these Persians who were the particular counsel of the Mughal Empire who gave attending for really item to raise memorials for the populace to praise the Islamic architecture. The Islamic architecture holds its generousness in assorted memorials found largely in India. They portray their love for art and inturn to God. Their push to distribute the celebrity is noteworthy. We see every dynasty or the imperium have their ain set of values, civilizations and traditions. These impacts are besides good noticeable in their architectures. Therefore, the Islamic architecture is symbolic of the architecture they produce.Work CitedBooksAmina Okada and M.C. Joshi. ( 1993 ) . Taj Mahal. Abbeville imperativenessGuido Ruggiero. ( 2002 ) . A comrade to the universes of the Renaissance. Wiley-BlackwellRoger Savory. ( 2008 ) . Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University PressFran & A ; ccedil ; ois Bernier ( 1996 ) . Travels in the Mogul Empire 1656-1668. Asiatic Educational Service Raj Kumar. ( 2003 ) . Essaies on Indian art and architecture: History and civilization series. Discove ry publication houseJournalMohamad Tajuddin Bin and Haji Mohamad Rasdi. ( 2008 ) . Reconstructing the thought of Muslim architecture: reconstituting the academic model and design attack within the position of the Sunnah. The Journal of Architecture, 13:3 ( 6 ) . pp 297 – 315.Online BeginningsMehraby, Rahman. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.destinationiran.com/Architecture.htmOkado and Joshi. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.htmlBin and Rasdi. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.htmlAnon. â€Å" The Taj Mahal † . Islamic architecture. Islamic Arts and Architecture Organization. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/taj_mahal.html.General Information about Persian Architecture. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.destinationiran.com/Architecture.htmIntroduction of Islamic architecture to India . Accessed on 27 Nov 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.india9.com/i9show/Taj-Mahal-19777.htmByzantine Architecture. Accessed on 25 Nov 2009. hypertext transfer protocol: //library.thinkquest.org/C005594/Medieval/byzantine.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecture

Is Trying lying And are you truly committed to your New Years resolutions

Is Trying lying And are you truly committed to your New Years resolutions A good friend of mine recently sent me his New Year’s resolutions: #1    Be here now. #2    Keep it real. #3    Try to answer e-mail promptly. I was taken aback by #3.   First, it was the only one that required specific action, and I wondered why he would choose returning e-mails above all the other important actions to take in this world, and over a more general commitment to â€Å"Keep in close and regular contact with people important to me† or â€Å"Take action quickly on items of importance.† Even more than that, however, I was struck by the insertion of the word â€Å"Try.† Is Trying Lying? I have spent the last 10 years or so reducing the incidence of the word â€Å"try† in my spoken and written communications.   In a women’s empowerment program I was taught, â€Å"Trying is lying.† In a completely different seminar, the instructor had someone hold a tissue box in the air and said, â€Å"Try to drop the tissue box.† The person dropped the tissue box, and was met with, â€Å"No, you just dropped the tissue box. I told you to try to drop the tissue box.†Ã‚   In another seminar, a different instructor did the same exercise, asking a participant to â€Å"Try to pick up that chair.†Ã‚   Trying to pick it up looked like holding on to the chair and pretending to pick it up but not actually doing it. â€Å"Trying† to do something, as illustrated in these examples, is as good as not doing the thing at all.   You’re not doing it, and you’re not not doing it.   Trying leaves you in an in-between place that, in my understanding, is ultimately powerless and ineffective. Excuses, Excuses We as human beings often use trying as an excuse.   Have you gotten that project done?   â€Å"No†¦ but I tried!   I just kept getting distracted.†Ã‚   Have you lost the weight you said you would?   â€Å"No†¦Ã‚   but I tried.†Ã‚   Why isn’t your relationship going the way you want it to?   â€Å"I don’t know†¦Ã‚   I’m trying so hard to make it work.†   We say things like â€Å"I’ll try to be there on time† so that if we’re not on time we haven’t broken a promise.   We human beings are so sneaky! Ultimately, a choice is required.   Either you do it or you don’t.   If you don’t do it, I believe the most powerful stance is to take responsibility that you didn’t do it.   If you’re still committed to a result, then do something else that works to get that result.   As another wise person pointed out, the way to attain any goal in life is to keep taking action until you achieve it.   Sounds so simple doesn’t it? Compassion is Key My New Year’s resolution friend disagreed with my take on trying.   He wrote, â€Å"I affirm the importance of stating, ‘I will try.’   Its like saying, ‘I intend.’   It sends a message to myself and others about how I am organizing my spiritual energies.†Ã‚   When I asked why he didn’t write â€Å"Try† for his other resolutions, he responded, â€Å"†¦ Its the only one of the three that doesnt come to me naturally.   So I must try harder.   :-)†Ã‚   (He also mentioned that if following #3 were to contradict #1 and/or #2, he would choose not to follow #3.   We have all seen the negative consequences of impulsive or compulsive e-mailing!) I understand the value of compassion, and I understand that we sometimes go through stages in our level of commitment to a goal.   Perhaps a gentle entry (like a promise to â€Å"try†) can be useful for taking on promises we don’t know if we will keep.   Certainly, if we don’t meet one of our promises, it doesn’t help to beat ourselves up about it.   Using the word â€Å"try† lets us succeed even when we fail.   But can’t we have compassion even if we frame our promises as absolute?   If I resolve to â€Å"answer e-mail promptly† instead of to â€Å"try† to do so, and then I don’t answer promptly, I might be empowered by acknowledging that I didn’t do it, looking at why I didn’t do it, and, if appropriate, making a new promise or doing it a different way next time.   To me, that’s â€Å"keeping it real.† Honesty The Best Policy New Year’s resolutions are notoriously not kept, and I wonder if the reason is that people put a silent, implied â€Å"Try† before every one of them.   If we truly resolve to do something, rather than to try to do it, we live a more powerful life and one where results will show up with more reliability. At least my friend put â€Å"try† where it could be seen, instead of pretending something was true that was not.   A straightforward acknowledgement of one’s tendency toward fallibility might be more powerful than having â€Å"trying† live in the unsaid.   At least with an honest promise, there’s room to grow.   In the end, we must each choose the language and intention that work for us, in service of living up to our greatest promises and resolutions. Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 9, 2012 6 Comments Ann says: January 10, 2012 at 9:41 am I think the word try is related to the word willing. I know that I am willing to do something, but that I may not get it done. Then I work at it again being willing to succeed. Usually I reserve willing for those great big promises where I hope that every time I fail, at least in my heart I was on the right road and that I am willing to keep working at it. I admit I failed. Being willing doesnt excuse me from admitting that. But I keep the intent. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: January 10, 2012 at 11:25 am Thank you Ann. So often people make resolutions but are not actually willing to follow through on them! Willingness seems to be a necessary foundation for carrying through on any promise. If we are not willing, we will not do it. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: January 10, 2012 at 11:43 am Yoda is a wise dude! Log in to Reply Fadl Isa says: January 11, 2012 at 2:29 pm Thanks for reminding me of the quote! Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: January 10, 2012 at 1:44 pm Youre right. Trying do something is not the same as an intention. However, rather than lying, the word trying weakens a resolution and leaves a loophole. Ill try to lose weight if I can/if the stars are aligned in my favor/if it isnt too hard/if I dont have too many temptations/if things go well for me, etc. That said, better to try to have a goal or a resolution than to have none at all. At least, theres an awareness that something has to be done. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: January 10, 2012 at 2:24 pm Yes, trying leaves room for a lot of if statements! Seems like were aligned on this one 🙂 Log in to Reply

Jay’s Treaty, Between Britain and the U.S.

Jay’s Treaty, Between Britain and the U.S. Jay’s Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain signed on November 19, 1794 intended to avert war and resolve issues between the two countries that had lingered since the end of the American Revolutionary War. While it was unpopular with the American public, the treaty succeeded in ensuring a decade of peaceful and mutually profitable trade between the United States and Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars. The treaty was signed by President George Washington on November 19, 1794 and approved by the U.S. Senate on June 24, 1795. It was then ratified by the British Parliament and took effect on February 29, 1796. Officially titled, â€Å"Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America,† and also called â€Å"Jay Treaty,† the pact draws its name from John Jay, its chief U.S. negotiator. Key Takeaways: Jay's Treaty Jay’s Treaty was a diplomatic agreement reached in 1794 between the United States and Great Britain.Jay’s Treaty was intended to resolve disputes between the two nations that remained after the 1783 Treaty of Paris had ended the American Revolutionary War.The treaty was signed on November 19, 1794, approved by the U.S. Senate on June 24, 1795, and approved by the British Parliament, thus placing it into full effect on February 29, 1796.The treaty draws its name from its chief U.S. negotiator, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay.   Bitter objections to the treaty by the French government led to the XYZ Affair of 1797 and the 1798 Quasi-War with France. In the United States, political conflict over ratification of the treaty contributed to the creation of America’s first two political parties: the pro-treaty Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the anti-treaty Democratic-Republican Party led by Anti-federalists Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. International Issues Driving Jay’s Treaty After the American Revolutionary War ended, tensions between the United States and Great Britain remained understandably high. Specifically, three main issues remained unresolved even after the 1783 Treaty of Paris had ended military hostilities: Goods exported from America were still being blocked by Britain’s wartime trade restrictions and tariffs. At the same time, British imports were flooding American markets, leaving the U.S. facing a significant trade deficit.  Ã‚  British troops were still occupying several forts on U.S.-claimed territory from the Great Lakes region to modern-day Ohio, which they had agreed to vacate in the Treaty of Paris. The British occupation of the forts left American frontier settlers living in those territories open to recurrent attacks by Indian tribes.Britain continued to seize American ships carrying military supplies and force or â€Å"impress† the American sailors into the service of the British Royal Navy to fight against France. When France went to war with Great Britain in 1793, the long period of global peace that had helped the newly-independent United States flourish in both trade and revenue ended. America’s intent to remain neutral in the European war was tested when between 1793 and 1801, the British Royal Navy, without warning, captured nearly 250 American merchant ships carrying goods from French colonies in the West Indies. The combination of these and other lingering issues and animosities brought the U.S. and Britain back to the brink of war in the late 1700s. US Response and Politics The American public was outraged, especially by Britain’s seizure of American ships, cargo, and impressment of sailors. In Congress, Thomas Jefferson demanded passage of a declaration of war. James Madison, however, called for a trade embargo on all British goods as a more moderate response. At the same time, British officials made matters even worse by selling rifles and other weapons to the First Nations Indian tribes near the Canadian- American border and telling their leaders that they no longer needed to respect the border. American political leaders were bitterly divided on how to respond. Led by Jefferson and Madison, the Democratic-Republicans favored aiding the French in its war with Britain. However, Hamilton’s Federalists argued that negotiating for peaceful relations with Britain- especially trade relations- could turn the British into a lasting and powerful ally. President George Washington agreed with Hamilton and sent Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Jay to London to negotiate an all-encompassing treaty- Jay’s Treaty. Negotiations and Terms of the Treaty Despite his well-known command of diplomacy, Jay faced a daunting negotiating task in London. He believed that his best bargaining chip was the threat that America would assist the neutral Danish and the Swedish governments in preventing the British from forcibly seizing their goods. However, what Jay did not know was that in a well-intentioned attempt to establish good-will with Britain, Hamilton had independently informed British leadership that the U.S. government had no intention of helping any of the neutral European nations. In doing this, Hamilton left Jay with little clout in demanding concessions from the British. When Jay’s Treaty was finally signed in London on November 19, 1794, the American negotiators had won only two immediate concessions. The British agreed to vacate its forts in the northern United States territories by June 1796. In addition, Britain agreed to grant the United States the advantageous â€Å"most favored nation† trading status, but greatly limited U.S. trade to emerging lucrative markets in the British West Indies.   Most other outstanding issues, including British seizures of American ships and repayment of U.S. pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain, were left to be decided later through the relatively new process of international arbitration. Jay was forced to concede that during the undefined period of arbitration, Britain could continue to seize U.S. goods headed for France on American ships if they paid for them and could seize French goods transported on American ships without payment. However, Jay failed in his attempt to negotiate an end to Britain’s impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, a sore point which would slowly fester into a key issue driving the War of 1812. While the American public, feeling it overly advantageous to Britain loudly objected to Jay’s Treaty, it passed in the U.S. Senate by a 20 to 10 vote on June 24, 1795. Despite the many objections against doing so, President Washington implemented the treaty, considering it to be the price of a period of peace during which the United States could rebuild its funds and military forces in the event of future conflicts. Jay’s Treaty and Indian Rights Article III of Jay’s Treaty granted all Indians, American citizens, and Canadian subjects the perpetual right to freely travel between the United States and Canada, then a British territory, for purposes travel or trade. Since then, the United States has honored this agreement by codifying its provision in Section 289 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended. As a result of Jay’s Treaty, â€Å"Native Indians born in Canada are therefore entitled to enter the United States for the purpose of employment, study, retirement, investing, and/or immigration.† Today, Article III of Jay’s Treaty is cited as the basis of many legal claims filed against the U.S. and Canadian governments by Indians and Indian tribes. Impact and Legacy of Jay’s Treaty Historians generally agree that in terms of modern international diplomacy, Jay got the â€Å"short end of the stick,† by having achieved only two minor immediate concessions from the British. However, as Historian Marshall Smelser points out, Jay’s Treaty did achieve President Washington’s primary goal- preventing another war with Great Britain, or at least delaying that war until the United States could become financially, politically, and militarily able to fight it.   In 1955, historian Bradford Perkins conclude that Jay’s treaty brought the United States and Great Britain from within a sword’s point of war in 1794 to the brink of the true and lasting friendship and cooperation that endures today. â€Å"Through a decade of world war and peace, successive governments on both sides of the Atlantic were able to bring about and preserve a cordiality which often approached genuine friendship,† he wrote.   Sources Bemis, Samuel Flagg. â€Å"Jays Treaty and the Northwest Boundary Gap. Harvard College Library First Nations and Native Americans United States Embassy, Consular Services Canada.Karl S. Hele.Lines Drawn upon the Water: First Nations and the Great Lakes Borders and Borderlands Wilfrid Laurier University PressElkins, Stanley M. and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 February 1, 1995. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN-13: 978-0195093810Smelser, Marshall. The Democratic Republic, 1801-1815 Waveland Press. March 1, 1992. ISBN-13: 978-0881336689Perkins, Bradford. The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795–1805 University of California Press. ISBN-13: 978-052000998

Read the requirement paper carefullyall of the requirements are in the Essay

Read the requirement paper carefullyall of the requirements are in the documents - Essay Example Thus based on the product the segmentation is decided. Here segmentation will be done based on demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioural variables. Demographic segmentation tends to divide the market in segments based on factors such as gender, age, income and others (Ferrell & Hartline, 2010, p.117). Based on demographic segmentation, Sleep Bug application will be made available to both the genders male and female as the application which is designed for windows phone 7 and iOS are used by both the segments and thus the segmentation are done keeping in mind the female market and the male market segment. The sound and the music along with feature installed in the application have also been developed according to the segments likes and dislikes. Age is the next factor in demographic segmentation, and the sleep bug pro will be segmented to the age group 16 years and above. The reason behind selecting the age bar to 16 years is that since everyone in today’s generati on has an access to iPhone, iPad and iPod therefore the application is made available for all the people within the particular age group so that they can enjoy the application and have a sound and proper sleep. Based on the income level, the application are targeted to those having iPhones, iPod and iPads dividing the segment into middle to higher level of income group who has the capacity to afford an iPhone and related product. Geographic segmentation is the process of segmenting the market by region, market size, climate and also market density (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2008, p. 234). Based on geographic segmentation, Sleep Bug will be segmented on population density to the urban people who have problem while sleeping due to heavy work pressure, and other related problems. Behavioural segmentation segments the market based on the usage of the product. Sleep Bug will segment it for those who are conscious about their health and improve memory as proper sleep will boost up health, pe ople who are fascinated towards new applications , who would use it on regular basis and status conscious that is the segment who are not price sensitive. Based on the above segmentation a detailed customer profile has been developed, Sleep Bug is an application which can be used in Windows Phone 7 and iOS and focus mainly on the customer segment. The target market for Sleep Bug is those segments that suffers from poor sleep, secondly the working group who demands peaceful and sound sleep, thirdly for those who like handling new application and show it as a status symbol. The third target market also includes students apart from the college goers. Analysing the growth of mobile application which is expected to grow from $6.8billion to about $25billion in the next four years (App Muse, 2012), there seems to exists potential customer base helping Sleep Bug to generate revenue and profit in the long run. Task 2 Consumer Behaviour Factors Consumers are the centre for the marketers and w ithout satisfying the customer the marketing manager cannot be termed to be successful in his given task. The behaviour of consumers tends to differ from person to person as each of them behaves in respect to their inner motives. As per the definitions given by Philip Kotler, â€Å"Consumer buying behaviour refers to the buying behaviour of final consumers who buy goods and services for personal